You can't go wrong with the Neo G7 or Neo G8, so choosing one just depends on your budget. The input lag is low on both monitors, and they have FreeSync variable refresh rate (VRR) support to reduce screen tearing. It has a 165Hz refresh rate, but if you prefer something similar with an even higher 240Hz refresh rate, the Samsung Odyssey Neo G8 S32BG85 is another option, but it also costs more.īoth the Neo G7 and Neo G8 deliver an excellent gaming experience thanks to their quick response time with any frame rate, and they each have an optional backlight strobing feature to reduce persistence blur. It also has a higher 4k resolution, and thanks to its HDMI 2.1 bandwidth, it can take full advantage of current-gen gaming consoles. It's very different from the OLED G8 because it doesn't have an OLED panel for the same perfect black levels instead, it uses Mini LED backlighting to get extremely bright, even brighter than the OLED G8. If you find the Samsung Odyssey OLED G8/G85SB S34BG85 too expensive or are concerned about burn-in, an upper mid-range option like the Samsung Odyssey Neo G7 S32BG75 is a good alternative. It has low input lag for a responsive feel, but you need to update it to the latest firmware for it to be so low. It also has a 175Hz refresh rate and a near-instantaneous response time for smooth motion handling. It lets you see more of your game at once without moving around. If the burn-in isn't a concern, you can get an immersive gaming experience with the OLED G8 thanks to its 21:9 ultrawide aspect ratio. If that's a concern for you, the Samsung Odyssey Neo G9 is a 240Hz super ultrawide display that has good picture quality, but it's very expensive. There are some drawbacks to this technology, as blacks look purple in bright rooms, and OLEDs like this one are prone to burn-in with exposure to the same static elements over time. It allows the monitor to display perfect blacks in dark rooms while making colors look vivid. It's their first monitor to use QD-OLED technology, the same technology they've introduced in some TVs like the Samsung S95C OLED. It's a fantastic high-end gaming monitor, making it the best Samsung gaming monitor. Monitors they cant run worth a crap.then wonder why they struggle to hold 60fps.The Samsung LS34BG850SNXZA, otherwise known as the Samsung OLED G8, is the best Samsung monitor we've tested. Hows anyone going to recommend a monitor.this is a huge problem people buying :qr: you dont even know what card or cpu he has how far away he sits this is all important Samsung G5 [344x1440 and it is all of that^. Are you specifically interested in 1440P or is 1080P also doable for you? Trust me, the "deeper blacks" of a VA panel don't mean much if it causes black smearing, just making it all look like vaseline (unless you buy one of the two Samsung Odyssey monitors that don't have that problem). The VA ghosting and smearing, in my opinion, is worse than the typical IPS glow and backlight bleed with IPS panels. Although personally, based on my previous experience with VA panels, I'd try to go with an IPS panel. 引用自 Iggy Wolf:I mean, if you can afford it, no problem.
0 Comments
Testosterone levels are primarily biological. And oil production is determined by testosterone levels because testosterone is the chemical messenger that triggers the oil gland to get pumping among many other things. Pores don’t actually get smaller or bigger on their own: How big or small your pores are depends on the amount of oil your sebaceous glands produce because oil is what flows through the follicle and stretches the pores open, making it appear larger or smaller. Pore size is mostly genetic and there isn’t anything you can do to significantly change it. Only oil can stretch the pores open or closed If you have a primarily non-inflamed acne type, you might be able to get away with heat and steam as long as you don’t notice an increase in inflammation symptoms such as redness, swelling, pus, and soreness. So if you are already struggling with an inflamed acne type, especially cystic acne, you should be avoiding saunas and steam because they can worsen inflammation. When you are exposed to heat or steam, your pores swell up and the congestion that is already struggling to be contained inside of our follicles can get squeezed so tight that the follicle wall might rupture and become more inflamed. Just think about wearing a ring on your finger-have you noticed that it might feel tight and swollen in the summer when the weather is warmer and a little looser in the winter when it’s colder? This is exactly what happens to your pores. This is explained by basic physics people But we don’t use steam because heat and steam are more likely to swell your pores shut than open them up! Also, we never perform extractions during the initial appointment precisely because we want clients to begin using the product kits which help break up congestion in the follicles so they are loose and easy to extract so even if steam did open up the pores, it wouldn’t be necessary anyways. We never steam our clients before an acne facial or body treatment and we’ve had some clients get upset that they are because they think we are cheating them out of some essential part of the process. Sorry to burst your bubble but none of that is actually happening and you are likely causing more harm than good to your acne-prone skin. You go into the sauna thinking that it’s expelling toxins and letting your pores breathe. Your Esthetician steams your face before extractions because she says it opens up your pores. Nevertheless, Knights of Honor is a solid Medieval strategy game that successfully balances out strategic decision-making with quick and decisive tactical battles. Knights of Honor is no clone of Total War and, in fact, has many features found in Paradox’s grand strategy offerings, most prominently the real-time approach to the strategic map. Probably the closest game to capture Total War’s spirit is Knights of Honor, a game developed at the same time as the original Rome: Total War, releasing just about a week later than CA’s seminal game. Planetfall also shares Total War’s somewhat simplified economic system, acting more as a support system to let combat and strategic maneuvers happen, so if you’re yearning for combat-focused 4X strategy games like Total War, then Planetfall should be right up your alley.ĭeveloper: Black Sea Studios Publisher: Paradox Interactive, Sunflowers Interactive, Atari Inc. Planetfall also has a greater focus on character similar to that of the previously discussed King Arthur or the recent Total War games, where they can play significant roles in tactical combat due to their impressive customization system. However, Planetfall’s combat can give Total War a run for its money, less due to scale, and more due to the depth of the combat itself including interactable terrain, complex status effects, and varied damage types. Planetfall shares the hybrid nature of Total War with a turn-based grand strategy mode and tactical battle mode, this time turn-based. While Total War isn’t a 4X strategy game in the truest sense, it still maintains many systems and a gameplay flow found in such games. While we patiently wait on and observe CA’s next projects, Age of Wonders: Planetfall is a perfect holdover for players waiting for that sci-fi Total War. Now that Total War has history and fantasy under its belt, perhaps science fiction or science-fantasy are the next frontier to greet the Total War formula. Age of Wonders: Planetfall Age of Wonders: Planetfallĭeveloper: Triumph Studios Publisher: Paradox Interactive Platform(s): PC, PS4, Xbox One Graphically, Slitherine’s take on ancient history can’t hold a candle to Total War, but it more than makes up for it with its excellent gameplay and flexible multiplayer modes.Ĩ. Empires stands apart from Total War with its more methodical pace due to a more impactful economic and unique construction system that play a greater role in strategic decision-making than solely commanding armies to stomp across the Mediterranean world.Ī curious point of similarity is that just like CA’s Warhamemr trilogy has cross-game functionality with their mega campaigns, Empires has cross-functionality with the base Field of Glory 2 game where players can export their campaign battles to play manually if they so desire. Players can expect to take command of a major culture or kingdom of the ancient era with the goal of creating an empire that will stand the test of time, inevitably experiencing periods of decline and then growth. In essence, this game is what Rome: Total War or Total War: Rome 2 would strive to be if it were to more closely follow history. If you’re clamoring for a game with greater historical authenticity, then look no further than Field of Glory: Empires – a grand strategy spin-off of the tactical combat Field of Glory series. Field of Glory: Empires Field of Glory Empiresĭeveloper: AGEod Publisher: Slitherine Software Platform(s): PC In the grand scheme of things, King Arthur: The Role-playing Wargame was ahead of its time with its emphasis on a legendary world and character-centric gameplay.ĩ. This impressive game also sports a real-time tactical combat system with spells, monsters, heroes, and powerful abilities in a similar fashion to Total War’s own Warhammer series, though this is where the game’s age and lower budget come into play in the controls and graphical department. The inclusion of an immersive, almost storybook mini text adventure system for various characters you meet and recruit throughout your playthrough, adds narrative heft and immersive worldbuilding. Not only is the setting of King Arthur: The Role-playing Wargame fantastical, reminiscent of the more recent Total War offerings, but it’s one of these hybrid strategy and tactics games that focuses the attention on characters and their adventures, as well as critical moral decisions. Don’t let the humble reputation of the team dissuade you from trying out this particular gem. The first game to grace this list is also one of the more underrated strategy games of all time, as it comes from a relatively small development studio. King Arthur: The Role-playing Wargame King Arthur The Role-Playing Wargameĭeveloper: NeocoreGames Publisher: NeocoreGames, Ubisoft, Paradox Interactive, E Frontier Platform(s): PC Originally built in 1813, this vacation home for rent in Maryland sits atop a grassy knoll on 29 acres of working farmland in rural Knoxville.Īs one of the largest rentals on our list, the farmhouse offers five bedrooms and can accommodate up to 12 guests. Photo: Courtesy of Airbnb Historic Farmhouse in Knoxville The cottage is close to a few local wineries and only 25 minutes away from the vibrant city of Frederick. Outside, you’ll find plenty of outdoor space, including a firepit, a patio with a picnic table, and a furnished second-floor porch. This Airbnb in Maryland also offers a well-lit path to the step-free entrance, making it a great choice for guests with accessibility needs. Modern amenities include Wi-Fi, air-conditioning, an espresso machine, and a laundry room. The full kitchen features hickory cabinets constructed from reclaimed wood, and there is a large dining table in the living area. There is also a large leather couch, a Smart TV, a vintage record player, a bookshelf, and a toy collection for guests with young children. The beautiful stone fireplace is the focal point of the open-plan living area, which is characterized by its rustic charm and warm accents. The downstairs bedroom boasts vintage tin ceilings and beautiful chandeliers, and the lofted bedroom features a reading nook and a dedicated workspace. Up to four guests can stay in the two-story cabin, which offers two bedrooms with queen-size beds, memory foam mattresses, TVs, and en suite bathrooms. If you book a stay in the early summer, you can also expect to see an abundance of fireflies. Lush greenery, large trees, flowers, and impressive landscaping will make you feel as though you’ve stepped into a fairytale. Photo: Courtesy of Airbnb Firefly CottageĬonverted from an 1850s schoolhouse, this unique vacation rental in Maryland offers guests a magical stay surrounded by nature. With outdoor furniture and rural views, they make the perfect place to relax and enjoy the surrounding nature. This Maryland Airbnb also features two private porches and a third porch shared with the main home. Additional amenities include Wi-Fi, air-conditioning, and a washer and dryer. There is also a full bathroom, a full kitchen, and a four-person dining table. The living room features a comfortable sofa, a TV, and glass doors that open onto a porch and let in a ton of natural light. It can accommodate up to four guests with a queen-size bed in one bedroom and a double bed in the other. The construction of the historic main home dates back to the 1800s, and the cellar steps are remnants of the 1600s.Īs an Airbnb Plus, the home offers top-notch amenities and a stylish interior. Located in the east wing of the main home, the farm is completely private and independent of the rest of the house. Surrounded by horse pastures, fields, and a pond, this Airbnb is perfect for a relaxing country escape. Rent a house in Maryland that offers a rich history and a serene setting with Abington Farm. The cabin is also a few miles away from state parks and Deep Creek Lake. You’re welcome to wade in the creek or relax in the water chairs if you just want to dip your toes in. On the grounds around the cabin, you’ll find a set of swings, a hammock, a firepit, and an outdoor grill. Although there is a walk-in shower in the full bathroom, the property also features an outdoor shower that offers hot water and awesome views. In the kitchen, you’ll find bar-style seating, a toaster oven, a cooktop, a convection oven, a refrigerator, and a coffee maker. The bathroom and kitchen are shared with another small cabin for rent on the property. A few steps away, you’ll find another structure that houses a full bathroom and a kitchenette. The cozy abode offers a queen-size bed and an antique table and chairs. Known as the Original Hob, the cabin is positioned next to a flowing creek, which offers soothing sounds and beautiful views. This charming cabin rental in Maryland is nestled in the woods of Garret County and makes a perfect peaceful retreat for a single traveler or a couple. Photo: Courtesy of Airbnb Cozy Cabin Overlooking a Creek By comparison, Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp had about one billion monthly active users in 2016 but did not offer most of the other services available on WeChat. After the launch of WeChat payment in 2013, its users reached 400 million the next year, 90 percent of whom were in China. As of January 2022, it was reported that WeChat has more than 1.2 billion users. WeChat had over 889 million monthly active users by 2016, and as of 2019 WeChat's monthly active users had risen to an estimate of one billion. ĭuring a period of government support of e-commerce development-for example in the 12th five-year plan (2011–2015) -WeChat also saw new features enabling payments and commerce in 2013, which saw massive adoption after their virtual Red envelope promotion for Chinese New Year 2014. By 2012, when the number of users reached 100 million, Weixin was re-branded "WeChat" for the international market. User adoption of WeChat was initially very slow, with users wondering why key features were missing however, after the release of the Walkie-talkie-like voice messaging feature in May of that year, growth surged. The original version of the app was created by Allen Zhang and named "Weixin" ( 微信) by Pony Ma and launched in 2011. WeChat began as a project at Tencent Guangzhou Research and Project center in October 2010. Recognizing smart phones were likely to disrupt this status quo, CEO Pony Ma sought to proactively invest in alternatives to their own QQ messenger app. History īy 2010, Tencent had already attained a massive user base with their desktop messenger app QQ. Joe Biden officially dropped Trump's efforts to ban WeChat in the U.S. and Sweden "transactions" with WeChat through an executive order but was blocked by a preliminary injunction issued in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in September 2020. President Donald Trump and Prime Minister of Sweden Stefan Löfven sought to ban U.S. In response to a border dispute between India and China, WeChat was banned in India in June 2020 along with several other Chinese apps, including TikTok. Chinese-registered Weixin accounts censor politically sensitive topics. User activity on Weixin, the Chinese version of the app, is analyzed, tracked and shared with Chinese authorities upon request as part of the mass surveillance network in China. Non-Chinese numbers are registered under WeChat, and WeChat users are subject to a different, less strict terms of service and stricter privacy policy, and their data is stored in the Netherlands for users in the European Union, and in Singapore for other users. WeChat provides text messaging, hold-to-talk voice messaging, broadcast (one-to-many) messaging, video conferencing, video games, mobile payment, sharing of photographs and videos and location sharing.Īccounts registered using Chinese phone numbers are managed under the Weixin brand, and their data is stored in mainland China and subject to Weixin's terms of service and privacy policy, which forbids content which "endanger national security, divulge state secrets, subvert state power and undermine national unity". WeChat has been described as China's "app for everything" and a super-app because of its wide range of functions. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018 with over 1 billion monthly active users. 'micro-message') are a Chinese instant messaging, social media, and mobile payment app developed by Tencent. WeChat and Weixin ( Chinese: 微信 pinyin: Wēixìn ( listen) lit. Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Korean, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Malay, Thai, Vietnamese, Arabic, Turkish His most notable feature are his glasses, which used to belong to his late mentor and friend, Dr. There are Horizon Lunar Colony logos on his shoulder pads. He has a hairy beard and wears a dirty white spacesuit with jet-boosters on his back. Winston is a giant genetically engineered gorilla, capable of harnessing the mind of a normal human. Victorious, Winston finally declares Overwatch’s return. The team was able to defeat the Titan by planting a cryo-bomb inside its body. Before his supposed death, Genji, Reinhardt, Brigitte, Echo, and Mercy quickly come to his aid. Winston is willing to sacrifice himself while the others get to safety. The trio were outnumbered and Mei is injured. Ī year after initiating the Overwatch Recall, Winston joins Mei and Tracer on a mission to fight off a Null Sector invasion in Paris. His wait is paid off when they all arrived in time for the dinner. On Christmas, Winston and Athena were waiting for Tracer and her girlfriend Emily to have a meal together at Watchpoint: Gibraltar's lab. Though the gauntlet was damaged, there were no casualties. Later, Winston worked with Tracer to stop Widowmaker and Reaper from stealing Doomfist's gauntlet. He was able to dispatch them and afterward decided to finally recall Overwatch agents to active duty. Winston's lab at the Watchpoint was invaded by Reaper and several Talon agents in order to extract the information of former Overwatch agents. He included with it a personal message to the former agents. Six years in the past, Winston participated in a mission with Tracer, Genji, and Mercy, to apprehend Maximilien in Havana, Cuba.Īfter the collapse of Overwatch, Winston and Athena retreated to Watchpoint: Gibraltar, from which he launched a satellite drone in the event that Overwatch would need to be recalled. His skill in combat led to him defeating Doomfist, and his craftsmanship and knowledge allowed him to save the life of Tracer by building for her the chronal accelerator. There, he became both a soldier and a scientist. Winston found a new home as a member of Overwatch. When the other gorillas started to revolt against the colony, murder all of the scientists in the colony, Winston built a rocket by himself and escaped to Earth. The doctor also gave Winston his signature glasses. The scientist also instills in the gorilla's mind a sense of freedom and adventure, to question the world waiting for him. Through him, Winston learned science and helped in the doctor's research. Harold Winston, from whom Winston got his name, took personal care of him. He had shown unusually rapid development, so Dr. Winston was initially a subject in the tests on genetically enhanced gorillas that took place in Lucheng Interstellar's Horizon Lunar Colony. Now with the fall of Overwatch, Winston has gone into seclusion, once again cut off from the world he believes in, but longing for the days of heroism to return. Winston was finally able to live up to the heroic ideal that had been instilled in him. There he found a new home with Overwatch, an organization that represented everything he had come to admire about humanity. Taking on the name of his beloved human caretaker, Winston built a makeshift rocket and escaped to Earth. The young gorilla passed his days assisting with the scientists' experiments, watching the distant blue world outside his habitat window, dreaming of the endless possibilities that awaited him there.īut his life was thrown into chaos when the other gorillas led an uprising, killed the mission scientists, and claimed the colony for their own. Harold Winston, who taught him science and inspired him with tales of human ingenuity. One gorilla displayed such rapid brain development from the gene therapy that he was taken under the wing of Dr. Among its residents was a group of genetically enhanced gorillas that were intended to test the effects of prolonged habitation in space. The Horizon Lunar Colony was established as a first step for humanity's renewed exploration of space. A super-intelligent, genetically engineered gorilla, Winston is a brilliant scientist and a champion for humanity's potential. I implore you to take your time with this section of the game. This is Andrew Ryan's utopia, and it's the first look at what made it so appealing to all of those people who later became addicted to adam. This is a Rapture we only ever heard about in audio logs. The people I encounter as I walk through the common areas aren't spliced up junkies, but normal citizens going about their lives. The exploration of those nuances is one of the greatest parts of Burial at Sea Episode 1, and I certainly will not spoil it for you here.Īs I step out onto the promenade, I am treated to a Rapture at its peak. It is clear that Elizabeth knows Booker, but he is clearly oblivious about the connection between BioShock Infinite's characters. Elizabeth requests DeWitt's assistance in finding a girl who has gone missing. This office looks the same, but it's located in Rapture. The story begins as a more mature Elizabeth enters the familiar office of Booker DeWitt. Of course, if you haven't played Bioshock: Infinite at all, you might want to steer clear.īurial at Sea Part 1 is itself broken into two halves. I won't be ruining the story and even the things I describe should be experienced first-hand. As we revealed in August, the two episodes that make up the narrative expansion bring us back to Rapture, the underwater city of Irrational's original BioShock adventure.īefore we go any further, know that there are very light spoilers focused on the over-arching story and the more subtle elements that make Burial at Sea so enthralling. And the impact it has is really more for what it implies for Elizabeth's character post-Infinite than anything else.Īnd I'm left with the sense, in the end, that it didn't really need to be Rapture at all – it could have, and maybe should have for maximum impact, been a wholly new setting, although that probably wouldn't have been financially feasible for an add-on side story like this.Earlier this week, Irrational Games invited us to its discreet Boston offices to get our hands on the first part of the exciting BioShock Infinite Burial at Sea DLC. You've got to know what happened in the main game for any of it to have an impact. It's really not a self-contained story like "Minerva's Den," the expansion for BioShock 2. The payoff at the end works if you've already played through all of Infinite and want to know more. The story wraps itself up entirely at the conclusion of this episode. But I should note that it is, satisfyingly, not a cliffhanger. This is only episode one of two, to be fair, so more is coming. If you take your time and explore, like I did, you can dig up extra audio logs and see little side stories play out, but if you just head straight for the goal posts you'll find that you whip through this in record time. But the final product isn't quite as substantial as you might be hoping for.īurial at Sea goes by fast there's not a whole lot of combat or elaborate story sequences. (You can download it for PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 starting November 12.) BioShock fans like me will want to play this, as it does add a fun new wrinkle to the tale of Booker and Elizabeth while bringing back an old favorite character from Rapture. The thing about fan service is that it usually works, and so of course I ended up playing Burial at Sea as soon as I possibly could. Did Booker and Elizabeth, the main characters of Infinite, really need to be transported into the underwater Objectivist dystopia of the first game in the series? Hasn't Rapture, after two games and a lengthy expansion story of its own, already given up all of its secrets? Is it just going to be a flimsy excuse for an intra-franchise crossover? Okay, I admit it: Burial at Sea, the new downloadable side story for BioShock Infinite, is fan service. Do you like Rapture? Do you like Columbia? Well, then you'll love when they're both mashed together, right? Nearly all brake fluid is priced to be affordable. Therefore, you can expect the cost of labor to be at least $50. In addition, most mechanics have a minimum rate they charge to do work. However, that rate varies anywhere from $15 to $210 depending on where you are in the United States. If not, the national average is $60 per hour. You might be roughly familiar with what your mechanic charges for an hour of work. After all, you have to take off all four wheels to do a four-point brake fluid bleed. Labor normally makes up about 80% of the cost of changing brake fluid. Your mechanic may offer similar variation in pricing, however, that’s normally based on their familiarity with the vehicle. The Mini cooper has a similar quote.Ĭheaper brands, on the other hand, like the Honda Civic and the Toyota, shave anywhere from $40-$100 off that quote from the dealer. In addition, if it’s especially difficult to get to the brake fluid bleed valves, you should expect to pay more.įor example, in the chart above, the BMW X-5 is quoted at $228 for a brake fluid change from the dealer. However, you can expect to pay different rates for a brake fluid change at the dealer and if your car is a luxury mode l. There’s no difference between the brake fluid used in nearly any car you can think of, unless the vehicle is a performance car or uses synthetics. Most vehicles use exactly the same brake fluid. And, of course, the type of brake fluid you use will have some influence. This means the cost of the brake fluid change varies based on the mechanic’s rates. In other cases, you’ll pay the mechanic for labor. It won’t matter what kind of vehicle you have or if you have 2 caliper brakes and 2 drum brakes or 4 caliper brakes. There, you’ll pay one fee for the labor and the new brake fluid. In other cases, it won’t matter at all.Īlso see Engine Cylinder Misfire Repair Cost: Save Money In 2023įor example, brands like Valvoline and YourMechanic offer flat-rate brake fluid changes. In most cases, the make and model of your car can impact the cost of your brake fluid change by up to 50%. Cost estimates may have changed since, our figures should be used as a starting point for your own research. *Note: Prices are estimates and were correct at the time of writing (February 2022). However, you can expect the cost of a brake fluid change to vary somewhat based on vehicle model as well: Vehicle You’ll pay an average of $100 across most vehicles. On the other hand, mechanic’s charge $15-$210 an hour. On the other hand, labor normally makes up about 80% or more of the cost.īrake fluid costs $6-$39 a quart. However, the second factor will only impact the cost by a few dollars at most. The second is what type of fluid you have. The first is whether you do the work yourself or not. The cost of changing the brake fluid in your car depends on two factors. How long does a brake fluid change take?.How often should you change your brake fluid?.The table below shows a quick price comparison of changing brake fluid cost estimates from reputable suppliers: SupplierĬompare Car Warranty Quotes For Free & Save Big! In most cases, you’ll need about a quart of brake fluid and about 30-60 minutes of your mechanic’s time. Here, you’re looking at an average of $20 in brake fluid and another $80-$90 in labor costs. However, costs can go up to $220 for some car models. The average cost of changing brake fluid is $80-$130. So, if your brake fluid is going out, it’s always better to replace it. That means you might end up with reduced brake performance, pedals that push all the way to the floor, or even having to pump your brakes to stop before you go in for a change.Īs brake fluid condensates, it also changes how it’s able to respond to heat, which means it can change the brake fluid system.īad brake fluid can also cause corrosion to other, more expensive parts of the system. While manufacturers normally recommend a brake fluid change every 2 years, most of us don’t realize it until well after that point. If your brake fluid is full of water or another contaminant, it’s time for a change. MRI-based semi-quantitative scoring systems are the HOAMS, HIMRISS and SHOMRI systems 10,20-22. For a simplified acquisition, 3D imaging and secondary oblique and radial reconstructions are recommended. Radial and axial images are of additional use for the assessment of femoral head-neck junction and acetabular anatomy in the case of femoroacetabular impingement associated with cam and/or pincer morphology 10. Images should be acquired in coronal sagittal and oblique axial planes 10. In addition to the 3D visualization of acetabular and femoral head-neck morphology, MRI allows the assessment and semi-quantitative evaluation of a large variety of tissue abnormalities not only of the articular cartilage and/or the acetabular labrum but also of the bone marrow, the ligaments and the synovium 10,18-23. CTĬomputed tomography provides information on the 3D assessment of acetabular and proximal femoral anatomy and can be used for surgical planning in cases of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) or acetabular dysplasia 18,19 or to assess the amount of bone stock 19. In addition, it can be used for image-guided injections 18. Ultrasound can depict joint effusions and synovitis by increased synovial vascularization and can detect osteophytes. Recommended scoring systems are the Kellgren and Lawrence score and the OARSI atlas 10. The radiological classification systems that are used for the assessment of osteoarthritis of the hip, the Kellgren and Lawrence score 14, the Croft score 15 and the Tönnis classification are all susceptible to subjectivity, but the first is apparently the most reliable 10,16.Īnother semi-quantitative method, which does not give a definition of osteoarthritis by grade, but grades different features of osteoarthritis as femoral and acetabular osteophyte formation as well as superior and medial joint space narrowing is the OARSI atlas 10,17. The minimal joint space width is measured between the femoral head and the nearest part of the acetabular sourcil (representing the weight-bearing surface) 29. ESR <20 mm/h) can be used as an indicator of osteoarthritis 13. Hip joint space width ≤2 mm or <2.5 mm 10-12 or the combination of joint space narrowing with the presence of osteophytes, in particular, in the absence of any elevated inflammatory markers (e.g. Plain radiographs of the hip are a cheap, widely available and easily obtained modality and their interpretation in the evaluation of osteoarthritis is not as difficult as other imaging modalities 8-10.įor the indication of osteoarthritis of the hip, an anteroposterior radiograph of the hip and a cross-table lateral or frog-leg lateral view are obtained. Subchondral cyst formation and remodeling of the articular surfaces or deformity are seen in more advanced stages. General features are osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing and sclerosis of the subchondral bone plate. Osteoarthritis of the hip can be classified into primary and secondary, depending on whether it is due to a known predisposing factor or not. iatrogenic, e.g. multiple intra-articular steroid injections.The disease not only affects the hyaline cartilage, which loses its structural integrity due to composition changes but also involves the other tissues of the joint including the subchondral bone, the joint capsule and the synovium as well as the ligaments and the periarticular muscles 1. This arises from an imbalance between the destruction and repair of the affected tissues. Osteoarthritis is characterized by an active progressive alteration of the whole synovial joint, due to a combination of mechanical, inflammatory and metabolic factors. Other symptoms include locking, grinding and joint instability, fatigue and pain-related psychological stress 1,8. It can be associated with stiffness particular in the morning or after rest. The pain can be worse at night, at rest or with strenuous activity, reducing the range of motion and limiting walking distance. Patients usually experience slowly progressive hip pain, or hip-related groin pain radiating into the thigh, buttocks or knee. high impact sports (football, handball, hockey, wrestling, weight-lifting, and long-distance running).repetitive stress and mechanical overload.Risk factorsĪttributes, characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis of the hip are 3-5,26: The lifetime risk of symptomatic hip osteoarthritis in people reaching the age of 85 years was estimated to be as high as 25% in certain regions 2. Reported prevalence varies in different studies and is also subject to geographic conditions. Women are more commonly affected than men. The hip is the third most common joint affected by osteoarthritis after the knee and the hand 1. The twin prime conjecture states that there are infinitely many consecutive primes ( eg. It involves understanding the modulo operation.ġ8) Fermat’s last theorem: A problem that puzzled mathematicians for centuries – and one that has only recently been solved.ġ9) Natural logarithms of complex numbersĢ0) Twin primes problem: The question as to whether there are patterns in the primes has fascinated mathematicians for centuries. This is a puzzle that was posed over 1500 years ago by a Chinese mathematician. Can all fractions with a numerator of 2 be written as 2 Egyptian fractions?ġ6) Euler’s identity: An equation that has been voted the most beautiful equation of all time, Euler’s identity links together 5 of the most important numbers in mathematics.ġ7) Chinese remainder theorem. Why do magic squares work?ġ4) Egyptian fractions: Egyptian fractions can only have a numerator of 1 – which leads to some interesting patterns. 3,4,5 triangle).ġ1) Mersenne primes: These are primes that can be written as 2^n -1.ġ2) Magic squares and cubes: Investigate magic tricks that use mathematics. There is a $1 million prize for solving the Riemann Hypothesis and $250,000 available for anyone who discovers a new, really big prime number.ġ0) Pythagorean triples: A great introduction into number theory – investigating the solutions of Pythagoras’ Theorem which are integers (eg. The great Indian mathematician Ramanujan discovered some amazing examples of these.ħ) Patterns in Pascal’s triangle: There are a large number of patterns to discover – including the Fibonacci sequence.Ĩ) Finding prime numbers: The search for prime numbers and the twin prime conjecture are some of the most important problems in mathematics. Fermat’s Last Theorem is one of the most famous such equations.Ħ) Continued fractions: These are fractions which continue to infinity. For example, Mod 3 means the remainder when dividing by 3.Ģ) Goldbach’s conjecture: “Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” One of the great unsolved problems in mathematics.Ĥ) Applications of complex numbers: The stunning graphics of Mandelbrot and Julia Sets are generated by complex numbers.ĥ) Diophantine equations: These are polynomials which have integer solutions. Suitable for Applications and Interpretations students (SL and HL) and also Analysis and Approaches students (SL and HL).ġ) Modular arithmetic – This technique is used throughout Number Theory. A large number of enrichment activities such as treasure hunts, quizzes, investigations, Desmos explorations, Python coding and more – to engage IB learners in the course.Ī list with over 300 examples of maths IA exploration topics and ideas for IB mathematics students doing their internal assessment (IA) coursework.Original Paper 3 investigations (with full worked solutions) to develop investigative techniques and support both the exploration and the Paper 3 examination.These make great homework sheets or in class worksheets – and are each designed to last between 40 minutes and 1 hour. Original pdf worksheets (with full worked solutions) designed to cover all the syllabus topics.The content now includes over 3000 pages of pdf content for the entire SL and HL Analysis syllabus and also the SL and HL Applications syllabus. My new site has been designed specifically for teachers of mathematics at international schools. If you are a teacher then please also visit my new site:. All free!Īlso make sure to visit my page for Exploration Guides to download 3 specific guides to support the whole coursework process for IB students. Make sure to also visit my page on Paper 3s to download 13 different Paper 3s (which would also make excellent coursework starting points) complete with full markschemes. Suitable for Applications and Interpretations students (SL and HL) and also Analysis and Approaches students (SL and HL). Topics include Algebra and Number (proof), Geometry, Calculus, Statistics and Probability, Physics, and links with other subjects. Scroll down this page to find over 300 examples of maths IA exploration topics and ideas for IB mathematics students doing their internal assessment (IA) coursework. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |